Metamath Proof Explorer


Theorem isr0

Description: The property " J is an R_0 space". A space is R_0 if any two topologically distinguishable points are separated (there is an open set containing each one and disjoint from the other). Or in contraposition, if every open set which contains x also contains y , so there is no separation, then x and y are members of the same open sets. We have chosen not to give this definition a name, because it turns out that a space is R_0 if and only if its Kolmogorov quotient is T_1, so that is what we prove here. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2015)

Ref Expression
Hypothesis kqval.2 ⊢ F = x ∈ X ⟼ y ∈ J | x ∈ y
Assertion isr0 ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ↔ ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o

Proof

Step Hyp Ref Expression
1 kqval.2 ⊢ F = x ∈ X ⟼ y ∈ J | x ∈ y
2 1 kqid ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → F ∈ J Cn KQ ⁡ J
3 2 ad2antrr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ∈ J Cn KQ ⁡ J
4 cnima ⊢ F ∈ J Cn KQ ⁡ J ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → F -1 v ∈ J
5 3 4 sylan ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → F -1 v ∈ J
6 eleq2 ⊢ o = F -1 v → z ∈ o ↔ z ∈ F -1 v
7 eleq2 ⊢ o = F -1 v → w ∈ o ↔ w ∈ F -1 v
8 6 7 imbi12d ⊢ o = F -1 v → z ∈ o → w ∈ o ↔ z ∈ F -1 v → w ∈ F -1 v
9 8 rspcv ⊢ F -1 v ∈ J → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → z ∈ F -1 v → w ∈ F -1 v
10 5 9 syl ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → z ∈ F -1 v → w ∈ F -1 v
11 1 kqffn ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → F Fn X
12 11 ad2antrr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F Fn X
13 12 adantr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → F Fn X
14 fnfun ⊢ F Fn X → Fun ⁡ F
15 13 14 syl ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → Fun ⁡ F
16 simprl ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → z ∈ X
17 16 adantr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → z ∈ X
18 13 fndmd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → dom ⁡ F = X
19 17 18 eleqtrrd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → z ∈ dom ⁡ F
20 fvimacnv ⊢ Fun ⁡ F ∧ z ∈ dom ⁡ F → F ⁡ z ∈ v ↔ z ∈ F -1 v
21 15 19 20 syl2anc ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → F ⁡ z ∈ v ↔ z ∈ F -1 v
22 simprr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → w ∈ X
23 22 adantr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → w ∈ X
24 23 18 eleqtrrd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → w ∈ dom ⁡ F
25 fvimacnv ⊢ Fun ⁡ F ∧ w ∈ dom ⁡ F → F ⁡ w ∈ v ↔ w ∈ F -1 v
26 15 24 25 syl2anc ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → F ⁡ w ∈ v ↔ w ∈ F -1 v
27 21 26 imbi12d ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v ↔ z ∈ F -1 v → w ∈ F -1 v
28 10 27 sylibrd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v
29 28 ralrimdva ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v
30 simplr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre
31 fnfvelrn ⊢ F Fn X ∧ z ∈ X → F ⁡ z ∈ ran ⁡ F
32 12 16 31 syl2anc ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z ∈ ran ⁡ F
33 1 kqtopon ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → KQ ⁡ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ ran ⁡ F
34 33 ad2antrr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → KQ ⁡ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ ran ⁡ F
35 toponuni ⊢ KQ ⁡ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ ran ⁡ F → ran ⁡ F = ⋃ KQ ⁡ J
36 34 35 syl ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → ran ⁡ F = ⋃ KQ ⁡ J
37 32 36 eleqtrd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z ∈ ⋃ KQ ⁡ J
38 fnfvelrn ⊢ F Fn X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ w ∈ ran ⁡ F
39 12 22 38 syl2anc ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ w ∈ ran ⁡ F
40 39 36 eleqtrd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ w ∈ ⋃ KQ ⁡ J
41 eqid ⊢ ⋃ KQ ⁡ J = ⋃ KQ ⁡ J
42 41 t1sep2 ⊢ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ F ⁡ z ∈ ⋃ KQ ⁡ J ∧ F ⁡ w ∈ ⋃ KQ ⁡ J → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
43 30 37 40 42 syl3anc ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
44 29 43 syld ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
45 1 kqfeq ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w ↔ ∀ y ∈ J z ∈ y ↔ w ∈ y
46 eleq2 ⊢ o = y → z ∈ o ↔ z ∈ y
47 eleq2 ⊢ o = y → w ∈ o ↔ w ∈ y
48 46 47 bibi12d ⊢ o = y → z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o ↔ z ∈ y ↔ w ∈ y
49 48 cbvralvw ⊢ ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o ↔ ∀ y ∈ J z ∈ y ↔ w ∈ y
50 45 49 bitr4di ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w ↔ ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o
51 50 3expb ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w ↔ ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o
52 51 adantlr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w ↔ ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o
53 44 52 sylibd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o
54 53 ralrimivva ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre → ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o
55 54 ex ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre → ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o
56 1 kqopn ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ o ∈ J → F o ∈ KQ ⁡ J
57 56 ad4ant14 ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ o ∈ J → F o ∈ KQ ⁡ J
58 eleq2 ⊢ v = F o → F ⁡ z ∈ v ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ F o
59 eleq2 ⊢ v = F o → F ⁡ w ∈ v ↔ F ⁡ w ∈ F o
60 58 59 imbi12d ⊢ v = F o → F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ F o → F ⁡ w ∈ F o
61 60 rspcv ⊢ F o ∈ KQ ⁡ J → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z ∈ F o → F ⁡ w ∈ F o
62 57 61 syl ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ o ∈ J → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z ∈ F o → F ⁡ w ∈ F o
63 1 kqfvima ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ o ∈ J ∧ z ∈ X → z ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ F o
64 63 3expa ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ o ∈ J ∧ z ∈ X → z ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ F o
65 64 an32s ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ o ∈ J → z ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ F o
66 65 adantlr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ o ∈ J → z ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ F o
67 1 kqfvima ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ o ∈ J ∧ w ∈ X → w ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ w ∈ F o
68 67 3expa ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ o ∈ J ∧ w ∈ X → w ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ w ∈ F o
69 68 an32s ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ o ∈ J → w ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ w ∈ F o
70 69 adantllr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ o ∈ J → w ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ w ∈ F o
71 66 70 imbi12d ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ o ∈ J → z ∈ o → w ∈ o ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ F o → F ⁡ w ∈ F o
72 62 71 sylibrd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X ∧ o ∈ J → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → z ∈ o → w ∈ o
73 72 ralrimdva ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o
74 1 kqfval ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X → F ⁡ z = y ∈ J | z ∈ y
75 74 adantr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z = y ∈ J | z ∈ y
76 1 kqfval ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ w = y ∈ J | w ∈ y
77 76 adantlr ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ w = y ∈ J | w ∈ y
78 75 77 eqeq12d ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w ↔ y ∈ J | z ∈ y = y ∈ J | w ∈ y
79 rabbi ⊢ ∀ y ∈ J z ∈ y ↔ w ∈ y ↔ y ∈ J | z ∈ y = y ∈ J | w ∈ y
80 49 79 bitri ⊢ ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o ↔ y ∈ J | z ∈ y = y ∈ J | w ∈ y
81 78 80 bitr4di ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w ↔ ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o
82 81 biimprd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
83 73 82 imim12d ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X ∧ w ∈ X → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
84 83 ralimdva ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X ∧ z ∈ X → ∀ w ∈ X ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o → ∀ w ∈ X ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
85 84 ralimdva ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o → ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
86 eleq1 ⊢ a = F ⁡ z → a ∈ v ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ v
87 86 imbi1d ⊢ a = F ⁡ z → a ∈ v → b ∈ v ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v
88 87 ralbidv ⊢ a = F ⁡ z → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v ↔ ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v
89 eqeq1 ⊢ a = F ⁡ z → a = b ↔ F ⁡ z = b
90 88 89 imbi12d ⊢ a = F ⁡ z → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v → a = b ↔ ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v → F ⁡ z = b
91 90 ralbidv ⊢ a = F ⁡ z → ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v → a = b ↔ ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v → F ⁡ z = b
92 91 ralrn ⊢ F Fn X → ∀ a ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v → a = b ↔ ∀ z ∈ X ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v → F ⁡ z = b
93 eleq1 ⊢ b = F ⁡ w → b ∈ v ↔ F ⁡ w ∈ v
94 93 imbi2d ⊢ b = F ⁡ w → F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v ↔ F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v
95 94 ralbidv ⊢ b = F ⁡ w → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v ↔ ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v
96 eqeq2 ⊢ b = F ⁡ w → F ⁡ z = b ↔ F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
97 95 96 imbi12d ⊢ b = F ⁡ w → ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v → F ⁡ z = b ↔ ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
98 97 ralrn ⊢ F Fn X → ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v → F ⁡ z = b ↔ ∀ w ∈ X ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
99 98 ralbidv ⊢ F Fn X → ∀ z ∈ X ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → b ∈ v → F ⁡ z = b ↔ ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
100 92 99 bitrd ⊢ F Fn X → ∀ a ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v → a = b ↔ ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
101 11 100 syl ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → ∀ a ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v → a = b ↔ ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J F ⁡ z ∈ v → F ⁡ w ∈ v → F ⁡ z = F ⁡ w
102 85 101 sylibrd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o → ∀ a ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v → a = b
103 ist1-2 ⊢ KQ ⁡ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ ran ⁡ F → KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ↔ ∀ a ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v → a = b
104 33 103 syl ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ↔ ∀ a ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ b ∈ ran ⁡ F ∀ v ∈ KQ ⁡ J a ∈ v → b ∈ v → a = b
105 102 104 sylibrd ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o → KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre
106 55 105 impbid ⊢ J ∈ TopOn ⁡ X → KQ ⁡ J ∈ Fre ↔ ∀ z ∈ X ∀ w ∈ X ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o → w ∈ o → ∀ o ∈ J z ∈ o ↔ w ∈ o